Abstract
The author of the article analyses various cultural tactics, practices and strategies that Georgian intellectuals used for the invention of traditions and the (re)production of meanings. The author presumes that various cultural practices and social strategies of Georgian intellectuals became the main incentives for the transformation of traditional local groups into the Georgian modern nation. The history of the 20th century promoted the fragmentation of Georgian intelligentsia. The disintegration of the USSR, the resto-ration of state sovereignty and political independence of Georgia became powerful stimuli for the radical and deep fragmentation of the thinking-class into intelligentsia and intellectuals. The author states that intelligentsia and intellectuals coexist in modern Georgia simultaneously, but this social and cultural cohabitation is temporary because the intelligentsia became an endangered social and cultural category. Georgian intellec-tuals are genetic heirs of the old intelligentsia. The permanent voluntary and forced par-ticipation in the imagination of the nation and the invention of traditions as the for-mation and promotion of new myths brings together intelligentsia and intellectuals. The dynamics of the 20th century turned Georgian intellectuals into cultural hostages of modernization and processes of constant (re)production of the identities and meanings, including nation, space, freedom, independence etc.
References
President of the Republic of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia, 1992-1993 (1955). Tbilisi: Khma erisa.
(February 15, 2017). The birth of the Italian State. Arili.
(October 16, 2009). Intolerant lightness of intelligentsia-intellectual existence. Arili.
Abramishvili, D. (2014). Sak’art’velo t’anamedrove khelovnebis rukaze. Arili. (In Georgian)
Ap’khazet’is avtonomiuri respublikis konstituts’ia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://abkhazia.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=24/ (In Georgian)
Andronikashvili, Z. (2012). Glory to powerlessness. Martrilological paradigm of Geor-gian political theology. Retrieved from https://history.wikireading.ru/196855/ (In Russian)
Andronikashvili, Z. & Maisuradze, G. (2007). Georgia-1990: Phylogeme of Independ-ence, or Unlearned Experience. Retrieved from http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2007/83/an10.html (In Russian)
Badiu, A. (2015). Ch’ven ar unda vitirot’. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1394/ (In Georgian)
Barbak’adze, T. (2010). Essay marginalisation and boredom. Semiotika.
Berdzenishvili, L. (February 15, 2017). Dante today. Arili.
Berekashvili, T. (January 9, 2012). Time and Mirror. Retrieved from https://semioticsjournal.wordpress.com/2012/01/09/
Beriashvili, L. (2015). State capitalism in the context of modern Georgian culture. Re-trieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1241/
Burchuladze, Z. (2011). Inflatable angel. Tbilisi.
Barbakadze, D. (2003). Between "nothing" and "something": observation of a Georgian writer. Retrieved from http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2003/1/barb.html (In Russian)
Barbakadze, D. (2009). Poetry and Politics. Retrieved from http://magazines.russ.ru/nov_yun/2009/4/ba5.html (In Russian)
Burchuladze, Z. (2012). We are in the middle of nowhere. Retrieved from https://lenta.ru/articles/2012/10/12/zaza/ (In Russian)
Ch’ighvinadze, A. (2011). Instructions for Hero in Wonderful Situations. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=707/
Ch’khaidze, I. (2009). Modernist Theory of Nationalism and Georgian National Project ("Tergaglebi"). Tbilisi: Akhali azri.
Ch’khataraishvili, K. (1985). Incorporation of Gurian Principality in Russia. Tbilisi: Mets’niereba.
Davit’ashvili, Z. (2003). Nationalism and Globalisation. Tbilisi: Mets’niereba.
Dubin, B. & Gudkov, L. (2014). The European Intellectual: An Attempt to Apologize Subjectivity. Retrieved from https://postnauka.ru/longreads/22471/ (In Russian)
Dzigua M. (2009). Intelligentsia in the works of Mikheil Javakhishvili. Tbilisi.
Elizbarashvili, E. (January 26, 2012). Jean-Bodriar's Cultural Broth and Georgian "Bullion" Time. in semiotika, Retrieved from https://semioticsjournal.wordpress.com/2012/01/26/elizbar-elizbarashvili-_-zh/
Elizbarashvili, E. (May 2, 2014). Time "read" according to the spatial coordinates of the fourth dimension of the universe. Retrieved from https://semioticsjournal.wordpress.com/2014/05/02/elizbar-elizbarashvili-_-d/
Gabelia, A. (2017). "Esthetisation of Politics" and "Politics of Esthetics". Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1352/
Gamakharia J. (2004). Zviad Gamsakhurdia's politics in Abkhazia (1990 - 1993). Tbilisi: Lika.
Gamsakhurdia Z. (1990). Georgian spiritual mission. Tbilisi: Ganat’leba.
Gamsakhurdia Z. (1995). Zviad Gamsakhurdia about Zviad Gamsakhurdia, 1991-1995. Tbilisi: Samart’l.
Gamsakhurdia Z. (2000). "Choose Georgian Ero!": Zviad Gamsakhurdia's statements. Tbilisi: Dzmoba "graalis mts’velni".
Gegelia, G. (February 23, 2017). When they created the Republic - the birth of Italy. Arili.
Gelneri, E. (2003). Nations and Nationalism. Tbilisi: Nekeri.
Ghlonti S. (2007). Christian belief of Zviad Gamsakhurdia: Chronicle of life and work. Tbilisi.
Gramshi, A. (2016). Formation of intellectuals. Retrieved from http://european.ge/antonio-gramchi-inteleqtualebis-formireba/
Gurgenidze I. (1988). Tbilisi University Rectors. Tbilisi: T’bil. un-tis gam-ba.
Guseinov, G. (2012). An intellectual cannot be liked by society. Retrieved from http://gefter.ru/archive/2866/ (In Russian)
Hech’teri, M. (2007). Nats’ionalizmis shech’ereba. T’bilisi: CSS. (In Georgian)
Hech’teri, M. (2007). Stop of nationalism. Tbilisi: CSS.
Hobsbaumi, E. (2012). Erebi da nats’ionalizmi 1780 tslidan: programa, mit’i, realoba. Tbilisi: Ilias sakhelmts. (In Georgian)
Iat’ashvili, S. (August 29, 2016). Sanitas of Sadness. Arili.
Javakhishvili, L. (2010). Intellectuals as the ideal killers of Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Dorni.
Jorbenadze S. (1988). Brief History of Tbilisi University. Tbilisi: T’bil.
Kakabadze, N. (2008). Conjunctive captivity. Ts’kheli shokoladi, (43).
Kakitelashvili, K. (2012). Georgian and European Identity Issues: Collection. Tbilisi.
Kalandarishvili, L. (February 1, 2017). Adventures of Italian architects in Tbilisi. Arili.
Kharbedia, M. (2011). The first Georgian military novel. Arili.
Kharbedia, M. (December 8, 2016). "Journey to Europe" - an attempt to archaeology of the text. Arili.
Kharbedia, M. (January 22, 2012). Zaza Burchuladze's "Inflatable Angel". Radio t’avisup’leba.
Kharbedia, M. (January 5, 2017). Boat and chest - Basque blogs. Arili.
Kharbedia, M. (March 25, 2011). Totalitarianism and Literary Discourse. Arili.
Khatiashvili, T. (Febuary 15, 2017). A romantic admirer of death. Arili.
Khomeriki, M. (2012). The abolition of the Kingdom of Imereti, the revolt of 1819-1820 and the Imereti an Bagrations. Tbilisi: Universali.
Khvich’ia, I. (2010). Personalized soul, whip hip and Georgian liberals. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=505
Khvich’ia, I. (2010). Tits, integration, tractorisation. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=480
Kikodze G. (1919). National Energy. Tbilisi.
Kit’khvari (Novembre 25, 2013). Questionnaire - Modern Georgian Prose. Arili.
Kopertesis B. (2006). Statehood and Security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution. Tbilisi.
Kozhoridze, D. (1987). Samtskhe-Javakheti - past and present. Tbilisi: Sabchoto sak’art’velo.
K’arumidze, Z. (2014). Post-Soviet Georgia and Postmodernism. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/new.php?do=full&id=814/
K’oiava, R. (2014). Historical Science in Postmodern Era. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1198/
Lomidze, G. (May 15, 2015). Cataracts effect of past transformation. Tbilisi: Siesta.
Lukach’i, G. (2017). Role of Moral in Communist production. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1389/
Maghlap’eridze T. (2005). Presentation of the essay: essays on Georgian literature and intelligentsia. Tbilisi: Universali.
Maisuradze, G. (2010). Polarisation. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=521/
Maisuradze, G. (July 23, 2012). Intellectuals and Power, in radio t’avisup’leba. Re-trieved from https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/blog-maisuradze-intelectuals/24654268.html
Makharadze M. (1997). Intellectuals and politics. Tbilisi: Let’a.
Markuze, H. (2017). Aggression in advanced industrial societies. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1356/
Markuze, H. (2017a). End of utopia. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1341/
Markuze, H. (2017b). Heidegger's analysis was false. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1329/
Markuze, H. (2017c). The problem of violence and radical opposition. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1333/
Mark’si, K. (2013a). Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1064/
Mark’si, K. (2013b). For the Jewish question. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1059/
Metreveli, R. (1998). Tbilisi State University, 1918-1998: Jubilee Collection. Tbilisi: T’bil.
Metreveli, T. (May 14, 2014). Who are the intellectuals? Tabula.
Metreveli R. (1996). Ivane Javakhishvili and Tbilisi University. Tbilisi: T’bil.
Metreveli R. (2003). University Today: Tbilisi 85th anniversary of the establishment. Tbilisi: T’bil.
Milorava, I. (November 12, 2013). Road spatial model in modernist text. Retrieved from https://semioticsjournal.wordpress.com/category/enisa-da-literaturis-sem/
Mirgulashvili, M. (2013). Theory of Nationalism: The Study. Tbilisi: T’bil.
Mrgvali M. (January 20, 2011). XXI century Georgian novel. Arili.
Ninidze, K. (2014). Versus ie. Arili.
Nodia, G. (2015). I do not understand why Konstantine Gamsakhurdia is considered a great writer. Retrieved from http://presa.ge/new/?m=society&AID=36865/
Nodia, G. (2010). Goodbye Stalin. Retrieved from https://moldova.europalibera.org/a/2088433.html (In Russian)
Ort’k’ip’anidze, V. (1994). Samtskhe-Javakheti in XIX-XX centuries: Demographic De-velopment Problems. Tbilisi: Mets’niereba.
Orwell, G. (1945). Notes on Nationalism. Retrieved from http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat/
Pirtskhalava, N. (1997). Intellectuals and Nationality. Are Georgian intellectuals Soviet intellectuals? Retrieved from http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/etni-1/pirtshalava.htm (In Russian)
P’romi, E. (2017). Marxism, Psychoanalysis and Reality. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1392/
Rekhviashvili, M. (1976). Kingdom of Imereti in the XVI century: political history. Tbi-lisi: T’bil.
Rekhviashvili, M. (1989). Kingdom of Imereti (1462-1810). Tbilisi: T’bi.
Robakidze, G. (2004). Rod of Georgia. In response to the article by N. Mitsishvili "Duma on Georgia". Retrieved from http://magazines.russ.ru/druzhba/2004/3/robak20.html (In Russian)
Said, E. (1994). Representations of the Intellectual. New York: Pantheon
Shanidze, T. (September 25, 2016). Maculature. Arili.
Sharadze, G. (1995) Zviad Gamsakhurdia's death and burial. T’bilisi: Sakhalkho tsigni.
Shatirishvili, Z. (2003). "Old" intelligentsia and "new" intellectuals: Georgian. Retrieved from http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2003/1/shati.html (In Russian)
Shubit’idze, V. (2013). Europeanisation and Georgian Political Thinking (European Identity of Georgia. Tbilisi: Tek’n.
Smit’i, E. (2004). Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Tbilisi.
Sudadze, N. (1998). Social Situation and Educational Issues in Samtskhe-Javakheti. Tbilisi: Mets’niereba.
Sutidze Z. (n.d.) Establishment and Manifests of Futurism. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1057/
Tadzari I. (2000). The temple: Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Georgian Educational and Scientific Center. Tbilisi.
Tavelidze, I. (2014). Days and sacrifices: Modern Georgian translations. Arili.
Teslya, A. (2014). Nationalism: Conservative Criticism. Retrieved from http://gefter.ru/archive/11050/ (In Russian)
Trots’ki, L. (2016). Vodka, church and cinematography. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1289/
Ts’khadaia, G. (n.d.). Berny Sanders: interview. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=123/
Ts’khovrebadze, S. (February 5, 2017). Arturo Benedeti Miceli Angelo - Italian Perfec-tionist. Arili.
T’avdgiridze, K. (February 29, 2016). City and cave. Semiotika.
T’eimuraz K. (2009). Identity and Nationalism. Tbilisi: Akhali azri.
T’inikashvili, D. (January 10, 2012). Time Percussion with Augustine, or "In You, Soul, My Time, I Think Time". Retrieved from https://semioticsjournal.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/davit’-t’inikashvili-_-drois/
University: Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Tbilisi: T’bil.
Urushadze, I. (2016). Liberal Criticism of Religion in Georgia. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1288/
Vanishvili, E. (April 29, 2011). Zaza Burchuladze's Senseless "Inflatable Angel". Radio T’avisup’leba.
Zark’ua, J. (Januart 20, 2015). Have You been in France? Arili.
Zark’ua J. (November 5, 2010). Reader's Day. Arili.
Zendania, G. (2007). Birth of Georgian nation: Conference materials dedicated to Ilia Chavchavadze Tbilisi: I. chavchavadzis sakhelmts.
Zhizheki, S. (2013). Do not love yourself. Retrieved from http://www.demo.ge/index.php?do=full&id=1060/
Zviad G. (2004). Zviad Gamsakhurdia 65. Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia Republic Supreme Council, Jubilee Commissar of the 65th Anniversary of Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Tbilisi: Lika.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.