Abstract
The article deals with the analysis of the formation of the image of the native ruler in the compositions of the participants of the first circumnavigations of the 16th century.
The participants of the expeditions often became the first Europeans to reach remote corners of the world and get acquainted with previously unknown nations. Basic judgments about those peoples were often based on descriptions of their rulers. The study attempts to identify common characteristic features in the descriptions of native leaders left by Spanish and English travelers in the 16th century. The comparison of the evidence allows us to trace the evolution of the image of the native leader, and in some cases, to identify the falsifications that resulted from the individual tendentious writings of the era. It was possible to identify the similarity of the images of Eastern rulers. The authors of the works note their wealth, a special ceremonial surrounding, and almost absolute power over their subjects. At the same time, a characteristic feature of the Eastern ruler is his cunning, which is always implied when constructing the image. But despite the negative features, both Spanish and English discoverers always sought to conclude an alliance with the ruler, appeasing him with gifts and promises of military assistance to gain a foothold in the open lands relying on his power.
References
Andrews, K. R. (1968). The Aims of Drake’s Expedition of 1577–1580. The American historical review, 73, 724–741. https://doi.org/10.2307/1870669
Bawlf, S. (2003). The secret voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1577–1580. Walker & Company.
Berzin, E.O. (1987). Southeast Asia and the expansion of the West in the 17th – early 18th century. Nauka. (In Russian).
Cassels, S. (2003). Where Did Drake Careen the Golden Hind in June/July 1579? A Mariner's Assessment. The Mariner's Mirror, 89 (1), 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2003.10659292
Corbett, J. S. (1899). Drake and Tudor Navy (Vol. 1). Burt Franklin.
Corbett, J. S. (1890). Sir Francis Drake. Macmillan and Co.
Escribano-Páez, J. M. (2020) Diplomatic Gifts, Tributes and Frontier Violence: Circulation of Contentious Presents in the Moluccas (1575–1606) Diplomatica. A Journal of Diplomacy and Society, 2, 248–269. https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-02020004
Hakluyt, R. (1904). The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation Made by Sea or Over-land (Vol. 11). J. MacLehose and Sons. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6515
Heizer, R. F. (1947). Francis Drake and the California Indians, 1579. University of California press.
Holliday, J. S. (1974). The Francis Drake Controversy; His California Anchorage, June 17-July 23, 1579: An Introductory Perspective. California Historical Quarterly, 53, 197-202. https://doi.org/10.2307/25157516
Kelsey, H. (1990). Did Francis Drake Really Visit California? Western Historical Quarterly, 21, 444–462. https://doi.org/10.2307/969250
Kelsey, H. (1998). Sir Francis Drake: The Queen’s Pirate. Yale University Press.
Kopelev, D. N. (2013). Division of the ocean in the 16th – 17th centuries. Kriga. (In Russian).
Kopelev, D. N. (2013). Piracy in the XVI–XVIII centuries. At the forefront of world politics. Vita Nova. (In Russian).
Magidovich, I. P., & Magidovich, V. I. (1983). Essays on the history of geographical discoveries (Vol. 2). Enlightenment. (In Russian).
Nuttall, Z. (Ed.). (1914). New Light on Drake: A Collection of Documents Relating to His Voyage of Circumnavigation, 1577–1580. London: Hakluyt Society.
Pastushenko, A. A. (2009). About the function of the game in the life of Pirates of the Western Atlantic of the 16th – 18th centuries. Bulletin of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: History, 41, 59-69. (In Russian).
Payne, E. J. (Ed.) (1907). Voyages of Hawkins, Frobisher and Drake. Select narratives from the «Principal Navigations» of Hakluyt. Clarendon Press.
Pigafetta, A. (1950). Magellan's journey. State Publishing House of Geographical Literature. (In Russian).
Purchas, S. (Ed.). (1905). Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas His Pilgrimes, contayning a History of the World, in Sea Voyages, and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others (Vol. 5). James MacLehose and Sons.
Queen, D. B. (1984) Early Accounts of the Famous Voyage In Sir Francis Drake and the famous voyage, 1577-1580 (pp. 33–46). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520328310-007
Thomson, G. M. (1988). Sir Francis Drake. Andre Deutsch, 1988
Vaux, W. S. W. (Ed.). (1854). The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake. Hakluyt Society.
Wagner, H. R. (1926). Sir Francis Drake’s Voyage around the World. John Howell.
Whitfield, P. (2004). Sir Francis Drake. New York University Press.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.