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Аннотация
В раннее средневековье на территории Хазарского каганата существовал водный путь из Черного моря в Каспийское – благодаря сухопутной переволоке для кораблей на месте наибольшего сближения Волги и Дона (60–80 км). Однако до сих пор не существует единого мнения по ряду вопросов, связанных с функционированием данной коммуникации. Поэтому цель статьи – дать ответы на них. В основной части работы был произведен сравнительный анализ данных мусульманских географов IX–X вв. со сведениями христианских авторов о навигации в странах Европы и Западной Азии. Были привлечены также старинные карты и результаты археологических исследований. В результате, удалось установить следующее: уже в 40-е гг. IX в. Волго-Донская переволока снова начала функционировать, что совпало с первыми плаваниями русов; вопреки распространенному мнению, маршрут переволоки мог проходить от истоков одного из притоков Дона к главному течению Волги (20 км); в IX в. русы могли транспортировать свои корабли при помощи специальных приспособлений, а в Х в. – простым волоком; поэтому в IX в. их корабли могли быть и торговыми, а в Х в. – только боевыми и легкими; безопасность кораблей от нападений кочевников на месте переволоки обеспечивалась на переправах через Дон как крепостями, так и военными гарнизонами хазар. Таким образом, в IX в. русы и хазары использовали переволоку как торговые партнеры, а в Х в. русы благодаря переволоке уже стали нападать на хазар.
Литература
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